Kinds of The Text

KINDS OF THE TEXT

NO	GENRE	PURPOSE	STRUCTURE	GENERIC FEATURES
1	DESCRIPTIVE	To describe a particular person/thing/place etc.	·         Identification ·         Description	·         Using simple present tense ·         Using action verb ·         Using verb ·         Using special technical terms
2	RECOUNT	To tell a series/squance of event and evaluate their signidicance in someway.	·         Orientation ·         Events ·         Re-orientation	·         Using past tense ·         Using action verb ·         Using adjectives
3	NARRATIVE	To amuse/entertain the readers with actual/imaginary experience in different ways.	·         Orientation ·         Complication ·         Resolution	·         Using past tense ·         Using action verb ·         Chronologically arranged
4	PROCEDURE	To describe how something is completely done through a squence of series.	·         Goal ·         Material ·         Step	·         Using simple present tense ·         Using imperatives sentence ·         Using adverb ·         Using technical terms
5	NEWS ITEM	To inform reders, listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are considered newswhorthy or important.	·         Newswhorthy events ·         Background events ·         Sources	·         Shorth, telegraphic information about story captured in headline ·         Using action verb ·         Using saying verbs ·         Using adverb : time, place and manner
6	SPOOF	To entertain and share the story.	·         Orientation ·         Events ·         Twist	·         Using past tense ·         Using action verb ·         Using adverb ·         Chronologically arranged
7	HORTATORY EXPOSITION	To persuade the readers that something  sould  or souldn’t be in the case or be done.	·         Thesis ·         Arguments ·         Recommendation	·         Using simple present tense ·         Using modals ·         Using action verb ·         Using thinking verb ·         Using adverbs ·         Using adjective ·         Using technical terms ·         Using general and abstract noun ·         Using connectives/transition
8	ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION	To persuade by presenting arguments and to analyze or explain ‘how’ and ‘why’.	·         Thesis ·         Arguments ·         Reiteration	·         Focuses on generic human and non human participants ·         It usually uses simple present tense and present perfect tense ·         Enumeration is sometimes neccesary to show the list of given arguments : firstly, secondly, etc
9	EXPLANATION	Tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena.	·         General  statement ·         Sequenced explanation	·         Using simple present tense ·         Using action verb ·         Using passive voice ·         Using noun phrase ·         Using adverbial phrase ·         Using technical terms ·         Using general and abstract noun ·         Using conjuntion of time and causeffect
10	REPORT	To describe the way things or such as a man made thing, animals, and plants.	·         General  classification ·         Identification	·         Introducing group or general aspect ·         Using conditional logical connection ·         Using simple present tense
11	DISCUSSION	To discuss or compare issue elaborated in two points of view beforefinally get to a conclusion/recomendation.	·         Issue ·         Pro arguments (ideas and elaborations) ·         Con arguments ·         Summary	·         Using simple present tense ·         Use of relating verb/to be ·         Using thinking verb ·         Using conjuntion/transition ·         Using modality ·         Using adverb of manner
12	REVIEW	To critize an event, art products, books, for readers.	·         Orientation ·         Evaluations ·         Interpretative recount ·         Summary	·         Focus on specific participants ·         Using adverb ·         Using long and complex clauses ·         Using metaphor
13	ANECDOTE	To entertain readers with a story/events, that is actual or imaginative.	·         Orientation ·         Crisis ·         Event ·         Coda	·         Using exlamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers ·         Using material process ·         Using temporal conjunctions
14	ANNOUNCEMENT	To anuance something (said, writer, or printed).	·         Title ·         Date and time ·         Place ·         Information ·         Contact person	·         The use of simple present tense to give information ·         The use of common words
15	POSTER	Poster are typically attention-getting ways giving information to a passer-by.	·         Introduction ·         Main part ·         Conclusion

                                 

1.      Example : Deskriptive Text

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. 

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people

2.      Example : Recount Text

MY BUSY DAY

Last Monday was a busy day for me. I spent my time to do a lot of activities from college to my home.
        First, at the morning, I did my presentation's assignment with my partner, she was Nurhidayah. It took 3 hours. And then we went to the campus for joining lecture. But, the lecturer said that our presentation would be started next week. It made us disappointed. The class was finished at 12.30.

After that, I had to go home because my grandmother was in a bad condition. She was hospitalized. So, it was a must for me to back home at that time. When I got there, there were so many members of my family. There were about 10 people. My aunt, my niece, my uncle and some of my cousins. We all hoped that our grandmother would get better soon.
 Those activities made my day busy.

3.      Example : Narrative Text

Sangkuriang and Tangkuban Perahu Mountain

Once, there was a kingdom in Priangan Land. Lived a happy family. They were a father in form of dog,his name is Tumang, a mother which was called is Dayang Sumbi, and a child which was called Sangkuriang.
One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to go hunting with his lovely dog, Tumang. After hunting all day, Sangkuriang began desperate and worried because he hunted no deer. Then he thought to shot his own dog. Then he took the dog liver and carried home.
Soon Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang's, his own dog. So, She was very angry and hit Sangkuriang's head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded and scar then cast away from their home.
Years go bye, Sangkuriang had travel many places and finally arrived at a village. He met a beautiful woman and felt in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding plans, The woman looked at the wound in Sangkuriang's head. It matched to her son's wound who had left severall years earlier. Soon she realized that she felt in love with her own son.
She couldn't marry him but how to say it. Then, she found the way. She needed a lake and a boat for celebrating their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them in one night. He built a lake. With a dawn just moment away and the boat was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It made the cock crowed for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. She was very angry and kicked the boat. It felt over and became the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.

4.     Example :  Procedure

FRIED BANANA

INGREDIENTS :

• 1 ripe black-skinned plantain or 4 small finger banana (make sure that the banana is sweet)
• 1 egg
• 1 tsp. sugar
• 6 Tbs. flour
• water
• a pinch of salt
• vegetable oil for deep frying

STEPS / INSTRUCTION :

• Place flour in a deep mixing bowl. Make a well in the middle of the flour, and add egg, sugar and salt. Add water little by little. Whisk vigorously until batter is evenly smooth for coating and not too thin. If it is too thin, add more flour.
• Peel plantain or banana and cut in half lengthwise and then cut again with 4-inch width. Dip into batter to coat generously.
• Heat oil in a wok or deep fryer until moderately hot. Place coated plantain or banana in the wok or deep fryer and fry slowly until golden brown and crispy. This usually take approximately 10-15 minutes. Remove bananas from oil, drain on paper napkins and dry well.
• Serve while still warm

5.     Example :  News Item

Indonesian Migrant Worker dies in Malaysia

An Indonesian migrant worker Munti Binti Bani has died on Monday after being hospitalized for several days due to alleged torture by her employees in Selangor, Malaysia.

Between state news agency has reported that Munti had been treated at Tengku Ampuan Rahimah hospital since last Tuesday and died on Monday at 10 a.m, local time. Munti was found unconscious with her hands and feet were tied in a bathroom in Taman Sentosa housing complex last Tuesday. She was suffering from major wounds on her body and had apparently been beaten with iron.

Munti's body will be sent tomorrow to her hometown in Pondok Jeruk Barat village of Jombang, East Java after undergoing autopsy at the hospital. “We express our deep condolences as there is yet another worker who was tortured and passed away at the hospital,” Indonesia's Ambassador for Malaysia, Da'i Bachtiar said in Kuala Lumpur on Monday. “The Embassy will arrange for all compensation, including insurance, she deserves to receive,” Da'i said.

He added that Munti's employees Vanitha and Murugan had been detained and were undergoing questioning at the local police office. “We hope the police can uphold justice and punish them should they be proven to be involved in the case,” he said.

6.        

S  Example : Spoof

Weight Loss Program Story

A man wanted to get the best and most defective weight loss program so he called a company and ordered a 5-day, 10 lb. weight loss program.
The next day, there’s a knocked on the door and there stand before him a voluptuous, athletic, 19 year old babe. She dressed in nothing but a pair of Nike running shoes. She introduced herself as a representative of the weight loss company. A sign was around her neck. The sign read, “If you can catch me, you can have me.” So without a second thought, he took off after her. However, a few miles later huffing and puffing, he finally gave up. The next four days, the same girl showed up for and the same thing happened. On the fifth day, he weighed himself and was delighted to find he had lost 10 lbs. as promised.
He felt satisfied and called the company and ordered the 5-day/20 pound program.The next day, there was a knock at the door and there stand the most stunning and beautiful woman he had ever seen in his life. She was wearing nothing but Reebok running shoes. The sign around her neck that read, “If you catch me you can have me.” Well, he was out the door after her like a shot. This girl was in excellent shape and he did his best, but no such luck. So for the next four days, the same routine happened with him gradually getting in better and better shape. Much to his delight on the fifth day when he weighed himself, he discovered that he had lost another 20 lbs. as promised. Again he felt satisfied with that program.
Then he decided to go for broke and called the company to order the 7-day/50 pound program. “Are you sure?” asks the representative on the phone. “This is our most rigorous program.” He replied;”Absolutely,I haven’t felt this good in years.” So the next day there was a knock at the door. When he opened it he finds a huge muscular guy standing there wearing nothing but pink running shoes. The sign around his neck that read,”If I catch you, you are mine!!!”

7.       Example : Hortatory Exposition

The Importance Of Reading

I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say so?

Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world such as Science, technology, sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.

Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something happening in any parts of the world which can we see directly.

Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read books, novel, comic, newspaper or magazine on the entertainment column such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To make us relaxed.

The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about Irian Jaya we may feel we’re really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms.

From the facts above, it’s obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and also entertainment. Or in summary we can say reading is truly important in our life.

8.      Example :  Analytical Exposition

Corruption and Indonesian Culture

Thesis:

Corruption has happened for many years and today it becomes a bad culture in Indonesia for three reasons

Argument 1:

Most adult Indonesian or foreigners have known and admitted that corruptions happen in many places. The daily newspapers, news programs on TV and radio have reported corruptions are done everywhere, almost in all departments or public services of this country. Corruptions happen in health, education departments and banks. When we manage to get some documents in public service offices, we usually need much money to pay. Manipulations happen everywhere

Argument 2:

The actions to eliminate corruption are weak. The ever stronger culture seems not to come to an end when the responsible institutions who have to reinforce the justice today commit corruption. This is the worst. Corruptions happen in police department, courts where judges, public prosecutors, lawyers make deals to do corruption. All of us also heard in the end of 2004, Probosutejo reported that he had bribed the Supreme Court, or called Mahkamah Agung which becomes the highest level where the justice can be obtained. Perhaps you have to try to come to the local courts and see what happen there. You will see practices of bribery and other kinds of corruption. Therefore, we can say that corruptions becomes our culture. Do you like it?

Argument 3:

The citizens have no goodwill to fight against the corruption. They create the situations in which people have opportunities to do corruptions. The citizens like to break the rules because they are not disciplined. For example, in the street when they drive a car or ride motorcycle, they do not have the driving license or necessary documents. Then, they are caught by the local policemen. To avoid more difficulties, they like to bribe the officer. The officer let them go then. In other words, the citizens and officers are the same, doing corruption together. If only the people were critical, disciplined, and obey the rules, and willing to report any wrong behaviors, this country will not be number one corrupting country in the world.

Reiteration/ conclusion:

Conclusion Based on the reasons, we can conclude that corruption is becoming a bad culture in Indonesia if it is not ended soon by all of us. It seems that there must be more severe penalty for the Corruptors. Do we still care about the future of this country?

9.       Example : Explanation

How does Rain Happen?

Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.
The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow.
However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.